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- Presenting his 2019 budget, Kenya’s finance minister Henry Rotich made three claims about higher economic growth in the country.
- He also said the public sector wage bill continued to rise, and made claims about government tenders, falling excise revenue and Kenya’s e-commerce uptake.
- Five of the seven claims were correct. The claim on Kenya’s global e-commerce ranking was incorrect.
Rotich said the government plans to spend KSh2.8 trillion (about US$27.5 billion) over the year.
His speech included claims on Kenya’s economic growth, public service wages, government tenders and e-commerce readiness.
But were the claims on the money? We checked.
Kenya’s economic data is recorded by the National Bureau of Statistics. The agency’s latest economic survey provisionally estimates that real GDP (which accounts for inflation) grew 6.3% in 2018.
The actual growth figure will be confirmed in the next economic survey, to be released in the second quarter of 2020. But an Africa Check analysis of GDP growth data since 2013 shows revised figures have been very close to the provisional figure.
Kenya’s parliamentary budget office estimates GDP growth for 2018 at 6%, while the International Monetary Fund puts it at 6.0%.
The survey estimates that the Kenyan economy grew 4.9% in 2017. The statistics office said this lower growth rate was due to “uncertainty associated with a prolonged electioneering period coupled with adverse effects of weather conditions”.
We therefore rate Rotich as correct. - Alphonce Shiundu
It’s not clear why Rotich chose eight years, although this puts back the clock to 2010, when Kenya formally proclaimed a new constitution. This was after political violence following a disputed election in 2007 crippled the economy.
Charting the country’s economic growth since then shows an upward trend.
The 2018 GDP growth of 6.3% is the highest in eight years, indeed in 10 years (In 2007 the economy grew by 7.1%.) Rotich’s claim is therefore accurate. - Alphonce Shiundu
The International Monetary Fund has annual data on economic growth in 194 countries. Its latest World Economic Outlook, released in April 2019, estimates sub-Saharan Africa’s 2018 GDP growth at 3%.
The world’s economy grew an estimated 3.6% that year. (Note: The IMF estimated Kenya’s economic growth for 2018 at 6.0%.)
Only 21 countries achieved a growth rate of at least 6.3%.
But Kwame Owino, head of Kenya’s Institute of Economic Affairs, previously told Africa Check it would be better to compare Kenya’s growth to growth in countries with similar economic conditions, especially its regional peers. This is because more mature economies generally grow at a slower pace. There’s more actual growth in the US economy than in Kenya’s, for example, even though that country has a much lower GDP growth rate.
Kenya had the third fastest growing economy among the five members of the East African Community, according to the 2018 economic survey. It was behind Tanzania (6.6%) and Rwanda (8.6%), but ahead of Uganda (6.2%) and Burundi (0.1%). - Alphonce Shiundu
Kenya’s statistics office has details of wages paid in the public and private sectors. These “relate to basic salary and other allowances which are paid regularly to employees”.
Public servants’ wages have risen by an average KSh46 billion a year in six years - from KSh374.9 billion in 2013 to KSh604.3 billion in 2018.
| Kenya public sector wage bill 2013-2018 | ||
| Year | Total (KSh bn) | Increase (KSh bn) |
| 2013 | 374.9 | - |
| 2014 | 413.4 | 38.5 |
| 2015 | 461.7 | 48.3 |
| 2016 | 503.5 | 41.8 |
| 2017 | 555.03 | 51.53 |
| 2018 | 604.3 | 49.27 |
Data from Kenya’s salaries and remuneration commission shows a similar pattern over 14 years, with the wage bill rising from KSh165.9 billion in 2003/04 to KSh698.5 billion in 2017/18.
Rising wages, Rotich said, left “fewer and fewer resources for development”. - Alphonce Shiundu
The numbers support Rotich’s claim.
| Kenya’s excise duty as share of GDP in 2003/04 and 2017/18 | |||
| Financial year | Excise duty (KSh billion) | GDP (KSh billion)* | Excise duty as % of GDP |
| 2003/2004 | 40.09 | 1,141.78 | 3.5% |
| 2017/2018 | 167.78 | 8,796.5 | 1.91% |
*Nominal GDP at market prices
Kenya’s tax agency defines excise as “a tax levied on goods manufactured in Kenya or imported into the country”. The European Commission says “excise duties are indirect taxes on the sale or use of specific products”.
They’re “indirect” because they’re paid by producers or traders, who then pass the excise cost on to consumers, in the final price.
According to Nikhil Hira, a tax expert at law firm Couslon Harney LLP, excise duty in Kenya has traditionally been used as a stop-gap in the budget when all else has failed.
But the reality is now different. “Because they’ve put up the rate on a number of products, it has affected consumption,” Hira told Africa Check. This has led to lower collections.
Hira gave the example of Senator Keg, a beer aimed at the lower income market to prevent the consumption of illicit alcohol. After excise tax was added to it, sales tanked.
“Traditionally, excise has been a sin tax. Now it’s extended to so many products that it’s not working.”
A ‘structural problem’ with excise
Michael Mburugu, a partner at PKF tax consultants, told Africa Check the drop in excise as a share of GDP might be due to higher economic growth.
“On the other hand, it is odd that excise may drop as a percentage of GDP when it is applied to goods and services that are not usually excisable, such as airtime, water, fruit juice, cash transfers and banking.”
Development economist Anzetse Were said the national treasury faces a structural problem. “From a macroeconomic perspective, the cabinet secretary is trying to get excise duty to generate the revenue it used to,” she told Africa Check.
“What he didn’t say is that tax revenue has been declining as a percentage of GDP for a while now.” - Vincent Nge’the
Rotich said data on contracts made by public entities were published monthly on a dedicated portal.
The Public Procurement Regulatory Authority oversees purchasing by Kenya’s government entities.
Its tenders portal shows that as at 13 June 2019, a total of 5,311 contracts with a value of KSh147.57 billion had been awarded by 386 government entities. - Vincent Ng’ethe
Rotich said the ranking was in the 2018 UN Conference on Trade and Development (Unctad) Business-to-Consumer E-commerce Index.
Unctad works to “support developing countries to access the benefits of a globalised economy more fairly and effectively”.
The index measures how prepared an economy is to support online shopping.
It is calculated from four indicators, all with the same weight: account ownership at a financial institutions or mobile money service provider, the share of individuals using the internet, reliability of postal services and the number of secure internet servers per 1,000 people.
But the country isn’t ranked 85th globally. Ghana occupies that spot, while Kenya is ranked 89th of 151 countries.
But Rotich was on the right footing when he said the 2018 index puts Kenya at seventh in Africa.- Alphonce Shiundu
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Note: We are still working on this claim:
“...the pension budget has increased by over three-fold in the last 10 years from Ksh 25 billion in FY2008/09 to Ksh 86 billion in FY 2018/19.”
Further reading:
https://africacheck.org/reports/state-of-the-nation-2019-did-kenyatta-get-his-facts-right/
https://africacheck.org/reports/top-kenyan-lawyer-gets-parliament-and-judiciary-funding-numbers-wrong/
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